Archaeology.
Material evidence, dating, and the discipline of not filling gaps with theory.
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Archaeology is evidence discipline in its purest form: the record is incomplete by definition, and the honest work is separating what the material shows from what the interpretation adds.
What this field actually measures
- Radiocarbon dating
Dating organic material by carbon-14 decay.
ReferencePractical range extends to roughly 50,000 years, and results require calibration curves.
LimitAn uncalibrated raw date is not a calendar date.
- Stratigraphic context
The layer an artefact was found in.
ReferenceAn artefact without documented context has lost most of its evidential value.
- Excavated fraction
Share of a site actually dug.
ReferenceMajor sites are frequently excavated at a small percentage — Göbekli Tepe remains largely unexcavated.
LimitAbsence of evidence at 5% excavation is not evidence of absence.
Evidence & metrics
The published work behind the numbers above, and the public datasets you can open to check us. If a claim can’t be traced here, we don’t print it.
Citations
IntCal20 radiocarbon calibration curve
Reimer et al. — Radiocarbon · 2020
The current calibration standard converting raw radiocarbon ages into calendar dates with stated ranges.
Ancient DNA and the peopling of the ancient world
Reich and colleagues — Nature / Science · 2010–present
Genome-wide ancient DNA has overturned migration models previously argued from pottery styles alone.
Datasets
Alexandria Archive Institute · free
Published excavation datasets with context and provenance records.
University of York · free
Archived site reports, surveys, and primary excavation data.
Still open
- How much of the early Holocene record remains underwater on drowned coastlines?
- What can ancient DNA settle that material culture cannot?
- Which long-standing site interpretations would survive re-excavation?
What we won’t say
We will not fill a gap in the record with a theory and present it as a finding. The gap is the finding.
- VO-1Evidence before wit
- VO-2Punch at claims, never at people
- VO-3Say the uncertainty out loud
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