Geology.
Dating, stratigraphy and erosion — the basis of every claim about the deep past.
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Geology is the reason we can date anything at all. Every claim about ancient civilisations, extinction events, or landscape change eventually rests on how confidently rock can be timestamped.
What this field actually measures
- Radiometric dating
Dating by known radioactive decay rates.
ReferenceUranium-lead dating on zircons reaches back billions of years with well-characterised uncertainty.
- Stratigraphy
Reading sequence and time from rock layers.
ReferenceSuperposition establishes relative order; absolute dates require independent methods.
- Erosion rate
How quickly surfaces weather away.
ReferenceVaries by orders of magnitude with climate and rock type — which is why weathering-based dating claims need care.
Evidence & metrics
The published work behind the numbers above, and the public datasets you can open to check us. If a claim can’t be traced here, we don’t print it.
Citations
International Chronostratigraphic Chart
International Commission on Stratigraphy · updated annually
The ratified boundaries and ages for every geological interval, with revision history.
Radiometric dating methods and their uncertainties
USGS / peer-reviewed geochronology literature · ongoing
Each dating system has a defined range and error term; a single date without a method note is unusable.
Datasets
University of Wisconsin–Madison · free API
Geological column, age model, and lithology data for North America and beyond.
USGS Mineral Resources Data System
US Geological Survey · free
Documented mineral occurrences and geochemical records.
Still open
- How precisely can rapid landscape change be dated?
- What do sediment records reveal about ancient flood and drought events?
- Where do dating methods disagree, and why?
What we won’t say
We will not date a monument by how weathered it looks. Erosion rates are local, and that argument has been wrong before.
- VO-1Evidence before wit
- VO-2Punch at claims, never at people
- VO-3Say the uncertainty out loud
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